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Sunday, July 5, 2015

How to Ensure Great Score In NET Exam?

Hello Friends!

From the analysis of past UGC NET exams of last 3 years, I have found some very useful and interesting insights. I am here sharing my views which may help candidates appearing in forthcoming January 2017 UGC NET exam.

Point #1.
Solve all available previous Question papers of NET exam. They are available to download from the links below:
1. July 2016 

The best way to solve previous question papers is not just to check the answer keys, but research the aspects related to the right answer choice as well as other choices. For example:

Q. The mode of communication that involves a single source transmitting information to a large number of receivers simultaneously, is called
(A) Group Communication
(B) Mass Communication
(C) Intrapersonal Communication
(D) Interpersonal Communication

The right answer is B here. Now, you must study other terms also. Research about Intrapersonal Communication,  Interpersonal Communication and Group Communication. There definitely are questions where right answer is from any of these 3 terms.

Point #2.
Give very much importance to Paper I. Some candidates think that Paper II and Paper III are more demanding and need more time to prepare. It's true that one needs very good preparation for subject papers, but if you give enough time and attention to paper I, it will prove to be a deciding factor in clearing the exam. Let me tell you how it may work for you:

One must target to score at least 80% in paper I and it is very much easy. I have myself scored 80%+ score thrice.
Why it is important? As you know, only top 15% candidates are declared qualified. Subject-wise cut-off is different, but for all subjects, paper I is common. In my observation, most of candidates fail to score even 50% marks in paper III. If you fall under unreserved category, it becomes very crucial to pass all papers as well as rise above the high cut-off percentage. Further, those candidates who pass all papers, very few candidates score 60% or above in paper III. As I said, if you score around 80% in paper I, you will be on safe side and can hope to score marks near or above the cut-off.

Now, how to plan your efforts to target 80% marks in paper I? You get 60 questions and are required to solve 50 only. There are 10 topics and you will be given 6 questions from each topic. That means, you are supposed to solve only 66% questions (40 correct answers). You must solve all 50 required questions. There is no negative marking, and who knows, some of your guesses also turn out as correct :-) !!! Anyways, if your 10 answers are wrong, you will still get 80% marks. Isn't it good?
Check the list of topics from which you will be asked questions:-

Topic 1. Teaching Aptitude-> Most of the questions are based on common sense and you can prepare this topic very well by solving different MCQs from books and previous NET papers.

Topic 2: Reading Comprehension-> Answers to all 6 questions are hidden in the passage itself. Read the passage at least twice and re-read the lines from which question is asked, and you are done!

Topic 3. Information and Communicating Technology (ICT)
-> Being and IT person, these questions are peace of cake for me and people like me. But for others, one must focus on the theory of those topics which are mostly asked in NET. (In a later post, I will post about important topics for computer questions).

Topic 4. Data Interpretation
-> This is one of the easiest topic. You are given a tabular data and are asked questions which mostly require little bit of statistical analysis. For example, there is a data of salary figures of 5 different years for different age groups. You are asked to find the age-group which had the higher income than the others for 3 years. To solve this question, find the average of each age group for given 3 years. You then can find the age group.
With a little calculation and concentration, you can get full 12 marks (6x2) for this topic.

Topic 5. Logical Reasoning
-> If you have been preparing for different competition exams, then you will find the level of questions very easy here. Otherwise you will need to practice questions on reasoning topics. Example: blood relation, direction, jumbled words, analogies, Venn diagrams, argument & reasoning, types of reasoning. etc. are common topics.

Topic 6. Mathematical Reasoning
-> It covers number & letter series, classification etc. This topic too is easy if you solve a lot of practice questions.

Topic 7. Communication
: If you are not a student of mass communication like me, then you may follow the approach I follow. I have a habit of reading news paper and find that answers to many questions of communication stem because of this habit. For example, I found answer to questions like "what is grapevine?" "What is yellow journalism?" from the articles I read in newspapers. Rest of questions are asked from class-room communication. Follow tips in Point #1 to handle this topic.

Topic 8. Research Aptitude
-> This topic cover research methodologies, types, steps to research, research ethics.

Topic 9. People and Environment
-> I find this particular topic a bit tough. It may not apply to you if you have good understanding of it. Since your target is to score 40 questions and if you are short of time, then you should decide to leave one particular topic; it might be "People and Environment" on any other. If you need to study this topic, focus more on questions on natural hazards, pollution agents and gases.

Topic 10. Higher Education System : Governance Polity And Administration-> To cover this topic, gather facts from different education related websites of different governing bodies like NCTE, AICTE, UGC.AC.IN, MHRD etc. But before that, analyse the type of questions from previous papers and accordingly target your fact finding.

Since one cannot be expert in all topics, it is wise to leave one or two topics you find hard and focus only on 8-9 topics you can study. 

Point # 3
Have faith in your abilities. It does not matter if you are appearing for the exam for the first time or it is tenth time. If you doubt yourself, you will doubt your answer and get confused while solving the questions. Since there is not much of time to think, you must make yourself mentally prepared also before exam day. In a later post, we will discuss about mental preparation. Here, I will make only one point-stay confident, focused and relaxed.

Point #4
Don't waste time and energy on tough questions: There need to be a strategy before you start solving your papers. While attempting the questions, sometimes, we try to solve every question. Since there is no negative marking, you may not like to leave any question unanswered. But at the same time, it does not mean that you devote good amount of time to every question. Make it a rule to first answer only those questions for which you know the answer well. Then, devote the rest of time for other questions.

Point #5
Don't forget to carry your wrist watch with you. Since you will not be allowed to carry your mobile, you should carry a wrist watch with you to check the available time. I hear many a times that candidates failed to answer all questions (especially in paper I and paper II) because of no time left.

I hope this post will help you to score well and clear the NET exam. Best of luck!!

Sunday, May 17, 2015

**** NOTES SERIES: COMPUTER NETWORKS ****

Hello UGC NET Aspirants!!

Here I am providing important terms and definitions useful for questions related to Data Communication & Computer Networks. Here is the first post and will be followed by many posts in coming days.
Best of Luck!!
********************************************************************************
1. Network Reliability: Measured by the frequency of failures.

2. Dedicated Link: Dedicated means the traffic carries traffic only between the two connected devices.

3. The key elements of a protocol are: syntax, semantics and timing. Syntax means structure (format) of data, e.g., first 8 bits of data contain address of the sender. Semantic means the meaning of each data section, e.g., an address identify the route to be taken. Timing means when and how fast data can be sent.

4. Standards can be De facto or De jure. De facto means standards originally defined by the manufacturer and De jure means legalised by a governing body.

5. Periodic vs Nonperiodic signal: a periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable time frame (period) and repeats the pattern over subsequent identical periods. There is no such property of a  nonperiodic signal.

6. A sine wave is a simple, periodic, analog signal. Every sine wave has 3 properties: 1. Amplitude 2. Frequency 3. Phase
The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest intensity.
Frequency means no. of periods in 1 second (The period is the duration of one cycle in a
repeating event, while the frequency is the number of cycles per unit time. Period is the inverse
of frequency.
Phase is the position of a waveform at time 0. It is measured in degrees or radians.

7. Wavelength is the distance a signal can travel in one period. It is measured in micrometers (microns).

8. The  bit length is the distance one bit occupies on a transmission medium.

9. Baseband transmission means sending a digital signal over a channel without changing it to analog. It requires a low-pass channel - a channel with a bandwidth that starts from zero.

10. Broadband transmission means changing the digital signal to analog for transmission. Here we can use band-pass channel - a channel with bandwidth NOT starting from zero.

11. A low-pass channel can be considered a band-pass channel with lower frequency starting at zero.

12. transmission impairments:
Attenuation: Loss of signal energy
Decibel: relative strength of a signal at two points. It is negative is signal is attenuated and
positive is signal is amplified.
Distortion: Signal changing its shape or form.
Jitter: different packets of data face different delays and application is time-sensitive.
Noise: Its types are-thermal, induced, cross-talk and impulse
Thermal noise is due to motion of electrons in a wire. Induced noise comes from appliances.
Cross-talk is due to mingling of two wires. Impulse is voltage spike from power lines.

13. Increasing the levels of a signal reduces the reliability of a transmission system.

14. Latency of a signal is the time it takes for the signal to completely arrive at the destination. It has 4 parts: propagation time (PT), transmission time (TT), queuing time (QT) and processing delay (PD).
                       Latency=PT+TT+QT+PD
                       PT=distance/propagation speed
                       TT=message size/bandwidth
QT is the time required by each intermediate or end device to hold the message before it can be processed.

15. For a noiseless channel, the Nyquist's bit rate formula (bit rate=2 x bandwidth x log2 x L)  is used for max bit rate of the channel. For a noisy channel, Shannon's capacity theorem (bandwidth x log2 (1+SNR)) finds max. data rate.

16. There are 4 levels of addresses under TCP/IP Protocols: 1. Link (physical) address 2. Logical address 3. Port address 4. Specific address. Link address is handled at layer 1 & 2 of OSI Model, logical address at Network layer, port address at Transport layer and specific address by the particular process running at Application layer.

Sunday, August 17, 2014

Overlapping Functions of OSI Layers


We all know that there are 7 layers in OSI Model. All 7 layers of OSI Model forms the basis of modern communication among LANs. The basic functionality of all layers is not very difficult to understand. But due to overlapping of some functions among layers, many students become confused. For example, error handling is done both at DLL and Transport Layer.

Lets discuss functions and services of OSI layers to get a clear idea about what each layer does.

First, Transport Layer vs Network Layer->
  • Transport Layer does delivery of ENTIRE message but Network Layer delivers INDIVIDUAL packets.
  • Transport Layer treats entire message as a single unit and ensures the whole message arrives intact and the destination. But Network layer sees no relation b/w two data packets and treats them independent entities.
  • Transport Layer does delivery in a Process-to-Process manner. (process refers to an application. e.g. email message must be delivered via source email process to destination email process). Network layer is responsible to take the message to the final system only. It is Transport Layer that takes the message to the right process. An analogy for this can be: You go to meet one of your friends at his/her office. You reached at the right office address (Network Layer). From the reception, you are directed towards the deptt. where your friend works for (Transport Layer).
  • The major protocols of Transport Layer: TCP, UDP and SCTP. The major protocols of Network Layer: ARP, RARP, IGP, BGP IPv4, and IPv6.
  • There are different words for same term/unit information on different layers. For example, in OSI model, we use a term-PDU (Protocol Data Unit) which is referenced differently at layers:

    Layer Name         PDU
          Data Link Layer    Frame
          Network Layer      Packet
          Transport Layer    Segment
         Application Layer  Message
  • Sliding Window Protocol works both at DLL and TL. The difference is that at DLL, individual bits are processed but at TL, processing is done at BYTE level.
  • There are many devices used in LANs which work at different layers. Many students find it hard to understand which device used at which layer. Let's understand the purpose of using a device which will help you to remember their use at right layer
    Repeater: It is installed at specified distance and amplifies the "signal". As we know signals are handled at layer 1, hence, repeater works at layer 1.
    Hub: 2 types-passive hub and active hub. Passive hub simply passes the original signal and works at layer 1. Active hub is nothing but a switch; it works at layer 2. It is also called switching hub.
    Modem: A modem deals with transmission at signal level and works at layer 1.
    Bridge and Switch: Both handle MAC addresses. Since MAC addresses are handled at layer 2. So these devices work at Layer 2.
    Router: I believe many among you know it well that routers deal with IP address and work at Layer 3.
    Gateway: They are very similar to bridge but deal with inter-protocol conversion. Therefore, gateways work at all layers, i.e. 1-7, to handle conversion at all compatible layers.
I hope this post will help to clarify some doubts about OSI model. Please share your views to let me know of the topics which should be discussed here.

Thursday, April 17, 2014

Important Links for UGC NET Subjects


I have been in the habit of searching web links on topics I couldn't find much information in books or were too theoretical. In this process, I made a list of URLs which contain useful stuff in a good language. I am posting these URLs for all my friends who are aiming to crack the NUT errrrrrr NET :-)
I am not boasting of providing best of links but just want to say I got good help from these URLs.

All the best for December' 15 Exam!

NETWORKING:
http://www.perihel.at/2/basics/  (Very good site to learn at deep level)
http://ckp.made-it.com/ (Good link to learn OSI layer 1 & 2)
http://flylib.com/books/en/2.567.1.44/1/
http://www.differencebetween.com/category/technology/it/

Database:
http://djitz.com/guides/how-to-check-if-a-relation-is-in-bcnf-3nf-or-both/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IiEAfRoHIH8&feature=endscreen&NR=1
http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-deferred-update-and-vs-immediate-update/
www.eecs.umich.edu/~teorey/lec.notes.pdf

OS:
http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/OpSystems/os.html
http://www.computerhope.com/unix/utr.htm
http://www.indiabix.com/computer-science/operating-systems-concepts/015001
http://www.chibios.org/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=chibios:articles:semaphores_mutexes
http://www1bpt.bridgeport.edu/sed/projects/cs503/Spring_2001/kode/os/deadlock.htm#
http://all-operatingsystems.blogspot.in/2009/10/multiple-choice-questions-on-operating_8948.html
http://www-ist.massey.ac.nz/csnotes/355/lectures/monitors.pdf
http://siber.cankaya.edu.tr/ozdogan/OperatingSystems/ceng328/node197.html

Automata Notes:
http://cs.union.edu/~striegnk/learn-prolog-now/html/node55.html#sec.l7.cfg
http://www.cs.uky.edu/~lewis/texts/theory/languages/cfl-prop.pdf
http://www.cs.uky.edu/~lewis/texts/theory/automata/lb-auto.pdf

http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~cs4114/
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~eugene/teach/auto01/notes/
http://www.tenouk.com/visualcplusmfc/visualcplusmfc16.html  (Great site for learning Windows Programming)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhyEGNn-7Uo&feature=related  (Video on Turing Machine)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id7k6gUkZ8Y&feature=relmfu  (Video on NP-Complete Problem)
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/compiler-desing/ui/Course_home-4.htm
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-%20Guwahati/afl/index.htm
http://www.bukisa.com/articles/393888_basics-of-message-handling-in-windows#ixzz1eRNPTl6O
http://www.di.uevora.pt/~lmr/syscalls.html
http://www.psexam.com/Database-Management-System-and-Design/dbms-and-design-mcq-set-3.html

Computer Organization:
http://blogs-static.maktoob.com/wp-content/blogs.dir//67186/files//2010/02/digital-electronics-introduction.pdf

Software Engg.
http://www.smartdraw.com/uml-diagram/
http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~jdalbey/SWE/Design/STDexamples.html
http://www2.cs.unibw.de/tools/DiaGenDiaMeta/img/nsd_t.png   (It has Nassi-Shneiderman Diagrams)

Computer Graphics:
http://marintellect.com/help_topics/graphics/index.html
http://www.slideshare.net/askme/chapter-10-280485?src=related_normal&rel=2953874

Computer Organization & Microprocessor:
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/
http://ptucse.loremate.com/sp/node/6    (Imp Q & A)
http://www.ustudy.in/node/3036 ( Learning gates & circuits)

AI/ADA:
http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Algorithms/algorithm.html

C/C++/Data Structure:
https://www.securecoding.cert.org/confluence/display/seccode/STR36-C.+Do+not+specify+the+bound+of+a+character+array+initialized+with+a+string+literalhttp://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2006/cmsc351/notes/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWeqqVpgNPg   (Video on Trees traversals)
http://faculty.cs.niu.edu/~freedman/340/340notes/340hash.htm  (Hashing Technique)
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/g-fact-37/ (Virtual destructor)
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/pure-virtual-destructor-c/

Probability Theory, Permutation Combination:
http://iim-cat-questions-answers.2iim.com/quant_math_sample_problems/permutation_combination_probability/
http://homes.ieu.edu.tr/uufuktepe/m144/logic/1.htm (Propositions)
http://mathworld.wolfram.com

Option-V Unix/Windows:
http://pravin.insanitybegins.com/win32/lesson2  (6 functions for window creation)

Online Objective Tests:

Sunday, March 16, 2014

UGC NET/SET Exam: Some Ideas for success

Friends,

I want to share some of my ideas on NET/SET preparation. I have done MCA and qualified UGC NET exam twice and SET(H.P.)-2013 exam.

The very first time I appeared in NET exam simply to know the pattern of the exam and I didn't prepare much. At that time, exam had subjective pattern. I was able to clear Paper I and Paper II but I could not clear paper III. Still, I was very happy that I cleared first 2 papers. Then, I appeared again, then again. In total 5 of my efforts, I was not able to clear Paper III. In my 4th and 5th attempt, pattern of the paper had become totally objective. Still, I was not able to clear paper III.

I had started losing my faith in myself and I decided to opt out of Dec' 13 NET Exam and preferred to sit in another exam on the same date. I believed that the same story will get repeated. But one good thing I did was that before Dec' 13 exam, Himachal Pradesh Public Service commission had announced SET/SLET exam for the state universities/colleges. I applied for the exam and had appeared in the exam on November 17, 2013. The result of the exam was announced on  March 14, 2014 and I was declared qualified! WOW!!

The success in SET gave me much needed high and faith in myself. The point here is, we throw seeds on the land without bothering about which seed will bore fruits and when. Our efforts in one direction may show result somewhere else. The time I devoted in preparation of NET helped me to crack SET exam. Further, the success in SET exam enthused me and started preparing in a more determined manner. SET is limited in scope and a bit easier than NET. But success in this exam rekindled my faith in myself that NET too is not far and can be cracked with some more planning.

And the result was that I was able to qualify December 2014 exam. For the first time, I Cracked the "hard NUT" called UGC NET.

If one is failing 3 or more times in NET, it is quite possible that one will get disappointed and will lose one's confidence. To uplift one's spirits, focusing on some other exam/objective (for time being) of your chosen career will help you to forget the stress you might have been facing due to rejection in NET. You may choose to focus on some other competition exams for computer teacher/lecturers like CTET, SET, KV schools exams etc. whichever is announced in the time frame. Believe me, these exams can be cracked more easily than NET.

Your sole objective may be NET only, but if you succeed in other exams I have mentioned, it will lift your morale and will give birth to an enthusiastic mindset which is very crucial for cracking exams like NET.

PLEASE post your ideas (If whatever I have mentioned is right or wrong)..