I have compiled some notes for Research and Communication Topic. I will post some more notes in near future. Also, I plan to share many important questions with explanation.
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Action research is an applied research design used by practitioners (i.e., teachers, administrators, and other school personnel) to solve problems or supply useful information regarding educational policy making and practice at the local level.These types of researches are applied to solve immediate problems.
Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable.
The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive statistics tell what is, while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect. Descriptive research can be either quantitative or qualitative. It involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection. It often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader in understanding the data distribution. The intent of some descriptive research is to produce statistical information about aspects of education that interests policy makers and educators
A deductive argument is an argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion. In a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide support for the conclusion that is so strong that, if the premises are true, it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false.
Probability Sampling: is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection.
Analysis of Variance: In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation.
Correlational Study:
Q Transforming thoughts, ideas and messages into verbal and non-verbal signs is referred to as
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Some notes on Research and Communication
The following five phases outline a simple and effective strategy for conducting effective research:
I. The conceptual phase
II. Phase of construction of research design
III. Empiric phase
IV. Analytic phase
V. Disseminative phase
DIFF. TYPES OF RESEARCHES
Applied research refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies.
Action research is an applied research design used by practitioners (i.e., teachers, administrators, and other school personnel) to solve problems or supply useful information regarding educational policy making and practice at the local level.These types of researches are applied to solve immediate problems.
However, pure science is something with a lab component. Examples are biology, chemistry, physics, anatomy and physiology. Also, an applied science is a science that incorporates many sciences such as fire science or nutrition.
Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable.
The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data analysis that will be applied to a given topic. Descriptive statistics tell what is, while inferential statistics try to determine cause and effect. Descriptive research can be either quantitative or qualitative. It involves gathering data that describe events and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection. It often uses visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader in understanding the data distribution. The intent of some descriptive research is to produce statistical information about aspects of education that interests policy makers and educators
A deductive argument is an argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion. In a deductive argument, the premises are intended to provide support for the conclusion that is so strong that, if the premises are true, it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false.
An inductive argument is an argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth of the conclusion. In an inductive argument, the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false.
Phenomenology refers to an approach that concentrates on the study of consciousness and the objects of direct experience. OR The discipline of phenomenology may be defined initially as the study of structures of experience, or consciousness. Literally, phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”: appearances of things, or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in. The discipline of phenomenology may be defined initially as the study of structures of experience, or consciousness. Literally, phenomenology is the study of “phenomena”: appearances of things, or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we experience things, thus the meanings things have in our experience.
Probability Sampling: is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection.
In this sampling technique, the researcher must guarantee that every individual has an equal opportunity for selection and this can be achieved if the researcher utilizes randomization.
Analysis of Variance: In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of variation.
Correlational Study:
Sociogram: a sociometric diagram representing the pattern of relationships between individuals in a group, usually expressed in terms of which persons they prefer to associate with.
Sample Questions:
Q An example of asynchronous medium is:
(A) Radio (B) Television (C) Film (D) Newspaper
Answer is: Newspaper
Explanation: Asynchronous communication is communication other than in `real-time'-feedback is significantly delayed rather than potentially immediate. This feature ties together the presence or absence of the producer (s) of the text and the technical features of the medium. Asynchronous interpersonal communication is primarily through verbal text (e.g. letters, fax, e-mail). Asynchronous mass communication is primarily through verbal text, graphics and/or audio-visual media (e.g. film, television, radio, newspapers, magazines etc.).
Q In analog mass communication, stories are
(A) static (B) dynamic (C) interactive (D) exploratory
Ans.static ( newspapers, letters, board game etc. are analog while e-mail, web newspaper etc are digital)
Q Which of the following is not an example of a continuous variable?
(A) Family size (B) Intelligence (C) Height (D) Attitude
Ans. A
Continuous variables can have an infinite number of different values between two given points. Discrete variables can have only a certain number of different values between two given points. For example, in a family, there can be one, two, or three children, but there cannot be a continuous scale of 1.1, 1.5, or 1.75 children. A variable such as a person's height can take on any value in a range.
Q In the process of conducting research "Formulation of Hypothesis” is followed by
(A) Statement of Objectives (B) Analysis of Data
(C) Selection of Research Tools (D) Collection of Data
(A) channelisation (B) mediation (C) encoding (D) decoding
At their most basic, transmission models consist of three parts:
1. source 2. channel and 3. receiver
A sender encodes a message, which is transmitted through an appropriate channel (in the case of speech, in a face-to-face interaction, this is air), to a receiver who subsequently decodes the message. A source (a person with a reason for communicating) first accesses his or her communication encoder (a device that manipulates the source’s thoughts into some kind of code) in order to formulate a message. When messages are spoken in face-to-face interactions the channel is the air between the speaker and the listener. In the same way that a source requires an encoder to render his or her thoughts into messages, so a receiver requires a decoder to decipher the message. The receiver is, self-evidently, the person(s) at the end of the channel. Put another way, a person (source) formulates an idea – a concept – and encodes this concept linguistically, i.e. into strings of sounds, syllables and words, then transmits this encoded thought as a sound wave, whereupon another person (receiver) decodes the sound wave back into the original concept.
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